Notes

1

Akbari H, Menon S, Rosenfeld A. 2009. Global cooling: increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset CO2. Climatic Change, 94 (3-4), 275-286.
2

Levinson R, Akbari H. 2010. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving energy, saving money, and reducing emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Energy Efficiency. 3:53-109.
3

Calculated under the standard summer afternoon weather specified in ASTM Standard E1980-11, using the medium wind speed condition.
4

Akbari H, Rose LS, Taha H. 1999. Characterizing the fabric of the urban environment: A case study of Sacramento, California. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
5

U.S. EPA Heat Islands Cool Pavements Page
6

Pratt C, Mantle J, Schofield PA. 1995. UK research into the performance of permeable pave­ment, reservoir structures in controlling stormwater discharge quantity and quality. Water Science and Tech­nology 32(1): 63-69.
7

James W and Shahin R. 1998. Pollutants leached from pavements by acid rain. In W. James (ed.), Advances in Modeling the Management of Stormwater Impacts. Vol. 6: 321-349. Guelph, Canada: Computational Hydraulics Int.
8

EPA 2011. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2009. Table ES-8, Table 2-15.
9

Federal Highway Administration 2008. Highway Statistics. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C.
10

Levinson R, Pan H, Ban-Weiss G, Rosado P, Paolini R, Akbari H. 2011. Potential benefits of solar reflective car shells: Cooler cabins, fuel savings, and emission reductions. Applied Energy.
11

Millstein D, Menon S. 2011. Regional climate consequences of large-scale cool roof and photovoltaic array deployment. Environmental Research Letters. 6:9.
12

Menon S, Akbari H, Mahanama S, Sednev I, Levinson R. 2010. Radiative forcing and temperature response to changes in urban albedos and associated CO2 offsets. Environmental Research Letters. 5:1-11.
13

Brattebo BO and Booth DB. 2003. Long-term storm­water quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems. Water Research 37(18): 4369-4376.
14

Federal Highway Administration. 2008. Highway Statistics. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C.
15

Oke TR. 1997. Urban Climates and Global Environmental Change. In: Thompson, R.D. and A. Perry (eds.) Applied Climatology: Principles & Practices. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 273-287.
16

California Air Resources Board. 2008. Staff analysis of proposed early action for climate change mitigation in California: cool communities program.
17

Daly S. 2006. Automotive air-conditioning and climate control systems. Butterworth- Heinemann, Lincare House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803.