A satellite image of Atlanta, Georgia during a summer day. Notice how the red splotches (indicating higher temperature) in the infrared picture (bottom) are clustered around downtown Atlanta. (Image courtesy of NASA)
The summer urban heat island (UHI) effect is a daytime elevation in the outdoor urban air temperature that results in part from the replacement of trees and other vegetation with buildings, roads and other heat-absorbing infrastructure.
Causes
The properties of urban roofs and pavements, as well as human activity, contribute to the formation of summer [no-glossary]urban heat islands[/no-glossary]:
- Urban surface properties. Roofs and pavements can constitute about 60% of the surface area of a U.S. city. These surfaces are typically dark in color and thus absorb at least 80% of sunlight, causing them to get warmer than lighter colored surfaces.1 These warm roofs and pavements then emit heat and make the outside air warmer.
- Human activity. Air conditioning, manufacturing, transportation, and other human activities discharge heat into our urban environments.
Consequences
Urban heat islands can negatively affect the urban community and the environment.
- Increased energy use. Warm temperatures in cities increase the need for air conditioning (A/C) to cool buildings. This elevated demand can strain the electrical grid on a hot summer afternoon, making it more susceptible to brown-outs and black-outs.
- Impaired air quality. Warmer air accelerates the formation of smog (ozone) from airborne pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Elevated demand for cooling energy in the form of A/C use can also increase the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases from fossil-fuel power plants.
- Illness. Higher air temperatures and lower air quality can aggravate heat-related and respiratory illnesses, and also reduce productivity.
Notes:
1 Akbari H, Menon S, Rosenfeld A. 2009. Global cooling: increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset CO2. Climatic Change, 94 (3-4), 275-286.
